“Rather, through their trespass salvation has come to the Gentiles, so as to make Israel jealous. Now if their trespass means riches for the world, and if their failure means riches for the Gentiles, how much more will their full inclusion mean!” (vv. 11–12).   

Jewish “full inclusion” presumably is associated with the resurrection of the dead (v. 15) and the salvation of Israel (v. 26)—that is, traditional Jewish eschatology. Here Paul frames God’s extension of salvation (from the wrath and judgment to come, cf. 2:5, 16; 3:6; 5:9; 13:12; 14:10; 16:20) as a sub-narrative within an unchanged Jewish apocalyptic narrative. Sub-plots may often, in the moment, seem to override the main plotline of a story, but Paul is correcting this error of perspective by giving the grander Jewish context of God’s mission to the Gentiles.- John P. Harrigan