Although not as numerous as Jesus’ references in the Gospels, Paul does speak often of the messianic kingdom in his letters (cf. Rom. 14:17; 1 Cor. 4:20; 6:9, 10; 15:24, 50; Gal. 5:21; Eph. 5:5; Col. 1:13; 4:11; 1 Thess. 2:12; 2 Thess. 1:5; 2 Tim. 4:1, 18). Like the resurrection of the dead, Paul’s references to the kingdom are generally without definition, utilized for the sake of exhortation (both positive and negative). Moreover, his references to the messianic kingdom are generally synonymous with the resurrection and day of judgment, thus falling in line with the Jewish apocalyptic narrative of history. -John P. Harrigan