All of these New Testament texts are often read as antagonistic to Jews and to Judaism. I think that this is due, again, to the long shadow of later Christian anti-Judaism, cast backward. We simply assume that “Judaism” and “Christianity” are two incompatible traditions because that is the way that, in large part, things eventually worked out. So too when reading Paul. He says terrible things about the Law—but he says them with reference to his gentiles, who are listening to other apostles urging them to accept proselyte circumcision. (And Paul says really terrible things about these other apostolic colleagues!) Elsewhere, Paul affirms the Law, quoting from the Ten Commandments, urging its observance on his gentile assemblies. “The Law is holy, and the commandment is holy and just and good.” And as late as the late 50s, Paul is still praising the cult of sacrifices offered in Jerusalem’s temple. The Paul of history stands entirely within Judaism. -Paula Fredricksen, When Christians Were Jews, p.159-160